Past Participle (P.P.)

Author profile・作者プロフィル

Matthew is from New Zealand. He taught English in Tokyo and Auckland from 2002 to 2011. Now he lives in Brazil. In his spare time he plays tennis, cricket and guitar. He does crosswords, plays video games and likes to cook. He would like to go surfing, but he lives more than 1,000 km from the sea. He speaks decent Japanese and is learning Portuguese. Matthew is co-founder of Poligo.

Grammar name (English):

Past Participle, Done, P.P.

Learn the importance of the past participle (PP).

The past participle is used with TO BE to make a passive:

BE + P.P.

Examples
The banana was eaten.
The figures will have been checked by now.
When I was distracted by one man, my bag was taken by another.
Having been left behind, the children were terrified.

The past participle is used with TO HAVE to make the perfect tenses:

HAVE + P.P.

Examples
I have been to Mexico.
By the time I graduated from college, I had visited five countries.
I have been watching too much T.V. recently.
Having been left behind, the children were terrified.

The P.P. is used to modify nouns, verbs and sentences. In this way, it is like an adjective.

P.P. + NOUN

Examples
Please see the attached files.
cooked meat.
Taken by suprise, the bird flew away.
Having been left behind, the children were terrified.

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